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概述

威格士柱塞泵柱塞往复运动总行程L是不变的，由凸轮的升程决定。柱塞每循环的供油量大小取决于供油行程,供油行程不受凸轮轴控制是可变的。供油开始时刻不随供油行程的变化而变化。转动柱塞可改变供油终了时刻，从而改变供油量。柱塞泵工作时，在喷油泵凸轮轴上的凸轮与柱塞弹簧的作用下，迫使柱塞作上、下往复运动，从而完成泵油任务，泵油过程可分为以下三个阶段。

进油过程

当凸轮的凸起部分转过去后，在弹簧力的作用下，柱塞向下运动，柱塞上部空间(称为泵油室)产生真空度，当柱塞上端面把柱塞套上的进油孔打开后，充满在油泵上体油道内的柴油经油孔进入泵油室，柱塞运动到下止点，进油结束。

供油过程

当凸轮轴转到凸轮的凸起部分顶起滚轮体时，柱塞弹簧被压缩，柱塞向上运动，燃油受压，一部分燃油经油孔流回喷油泵上体油腔。当柱塞顶面遮住套筒上进油孔的上缘时，由于柱塞和套筒的配合间隙很小(0.0015-0.0025mm)使柱塞顶部的泵油室成为一个密封油腔，柱塞继续上升，泵油室内的油压迅速升高，泵油压力>出油阀弹簧力+高压油管剩余压力时，推开出油阀，高压柴油经出油阀进入高压油管，通过喷油器喷入燃烧室。

回油过程

柱塞向上供油，当上行到柱塞上的斜槽(停供边)与套筒上的回油孔相通时，泵油室低压油路便与柱塞头部的中孔和径向孔及斜槽沟通，油压骤然下降，出油阀在弹簧力的作用下迅速关闭，停止供油。此后柱塞还要上行，当凸轮的凸起部分转过去后，在弹簧的作用下，柱塞又下行。此时便开始了下一个循环。

柱塞泵以一个柱塞为原理介绍，一个柱塞泵上有两个单向阀，并且方向相反，柱塞向一个方向运动时缸内出现负压，这时一个单向阀打开液体被吸入缸内，柱塞向另一个方向运动时，将液体压缩后另一个单向阀被打开，被吸入缸内的液体被排出。这种工作方式连续运动后就形成了连续供油。

柱塞泵的维护

威格士斜盘式轴向柱塞泵一般采用缸体转动、端面配流的形式。缸体端面上镶有一块由双金属板与钢配油盘组成的摩擦副，而且大多数是采用平面配流的方法，所以维修比较方便。配油盘是轴向柱塞泵的关键部件之一，泵工作时，一方面工作腔的高压油把缸体推向配油盘，另一方面配油盘和缸体间的油膜压力形成对缸体的液压反推力使缸体背离配油盘。缸体对配油盘的设计液压压紧力Fn略大于配油盘对缸体的液压反推力Ff，即Fn/Ff=1.05~1.1，使泵工作正常并保持较高的容积效率。 实际上，由于油液的污染，往往使配油盘与缸体之间产生轻微磨损。

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